Queisser-Luft Therefore, this discrepancy is likely to bias our results toward the null. For example, in Ohio the setback from a homeis 100 feetfrom awell - not even from the boundary of a wellpad - and only 75 feet for a directional well. By continuing, you accept our use of cookies. In his role, he leads research and advocacy efforts in California and other Western states to advance the transition to a less polluting and less carbon-intensive energy system. We will Wiesel et al. To describe prenatal exposures to PM2.5, we estimated average daily residential exposures to PM2.5 during pregnancy for each birth using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. Terms, Conditions, and Privacy Policy. JD Data from California Air Resources BoardEmissions Projection Analysis. UCS recently co-sponsored a bill in the California legislature that was designed to shed light on pollution from natural gas power plants and require better planning for pollution reductions from plants. SI When you sign up you'll become a member of NRDC's Activist Network. Williams R 2023 ZDNET, A Red Ventures company. HS WebFar safer than living near a coal burning plant or downstream from a major dam. When the results for both analyses were compared, the conclusions were consistent, although those for categorical exposure are stronger. Demand for these electric plants is increasing, and the thousands of workers who will be constructing them, and working in them, will rely on better protocols and oversight for their safety. et al. ML I Search for other works by this author on: Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in patients with COPD, A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Urban air pollution, and asthma and COPD hospital emergency room visits, Acute and subacute effects of urban air pollution on cardiopulmonary emergencies and mortality: time series studies in Austrian cities, Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study), The short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities, Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM, Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Toxic Air: The Case for Cleaning Up Coal-fired Power Plants, Published March 27, 2012. . Some women may spend most of their time outside their residential home; therefore, their exposure may be different from that estimated. Hu J Risk of Nuclear Accident -- Should anything happen to the power plant -- such as in a flood, a fire, an earthquake, or a terrorist attack -- homes within 10 miles of the power plant will be in direct danger. On the other hand, the process of getting natural gas from where it's mined to the power plants leads to considerable release of methane Something ignited the gas that was being used in a scheduled cleaning procedure at the Kleen Energy Plant in Connecticut. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. AE FHA insures home mortgages to help Americans buy homes. There is a proposal for the construction of a 130MW, natural gas fired power generation facility near my house. Since then, researchers have further studied this association, including in the California Power Line Study, a 2016 study in the British Journal of Cancer. Notethat this applies to the site boundary, not to theactual well site.". For example, among those with term LBW, the percentage of those who lived within 5 km of any power plant (16.1%) was higher than that of controls (14.9%). Wu Y O'Brien J Can living near a nuclear power plant cause cancer? For example, for oil plants, we compared births within 20 km with births not within 20 km from any plant (e.g., excluding those who were closer to any other types of plant). Practical Guide to Honest Causal Forests for Identifying Heterogeneous Treatment Effects, Modern epidemiology confronts COVID-19: reflections from psychiatric epidemiology, Burden of COPD Attributable to Tuberculosis: A Microsimulation Study, How Effect Measure Choice Influences Minimally Sufficient Adjustment Sets for External Validity, About the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplants/, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_09_01.html, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html, http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/how_to/read_a_data_table/prevalence_tables/birth_outcome.htm, http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/2546.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Academic Pulmonary Sleep Medicine Physician Opportunity in Scenic Central Pennsylvania, Academic Surgical Pathologist/Breast Pathologist, Census block group annual income, US dollars, 29,643.00 to <38,095.00(second quartile), Copyright 2023 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Given that PM2.5 is a measurable air pollutant and a major component of power plant emissions (21), as well as its consistent associations with adverse birth outcomes (22, 23), PM2.5 can serve as a good indicator for air pollution from power plants. 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA Soriano Tsai 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, produces less global warming emissions and air pollution, projections from the California Air Resources Board, concentrated in some of the most socioeconomically and environmentally disadvantaged communities. To explore the state-level data, click on a state tosee the number of plants located in communities above the80thpercentile for each of the six key demographics and then click on a demographic to see the distribution of plants across the entire range of percentiles. Park Visintainer Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? Table1 shows participants' characteristics by term LBW, PTD, and VPTD. Accessed December 6, 2014, US Power Plant Global Warming Emissions Rising in 2013 AfterYears of Decline, Birth defects in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany, Congenital anomalies, prematurity, and low birth weight rates in relation to nuclear power plant proximity, Pregnancy outcome of women in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Taiwan, Increased risk of preterm delivery in women residing near thermal power plants in Taiwan, Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model to estimate public health impacts of PM, Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis, The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes, Fuel sources and carbon dioxide emissions by electric power plants in the United States, Published March 2009. Delivering natural gas from natural gas and oil wells to consumers requires many infrastructure assets and processing steps and several physical transfers of custody. The addresses we geocoded to determine proximity to power plants were residential addresses at birth. VPTD was defined as a birth that occurred before 32 weeks of gestation. The percentage of plants located in or near communitieswithan average of less than the national average is on the left side of the graph (blue). N Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. Natural gas is stored in large volumes in underground facilities and in smaller volumes in tanks above or below ground. Which states consume and produce the most natural gas. D BE Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! The color of the marker indicates fuel type and the marker size represents projected retired nameplate capacity (MW). We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. In Scheme 1, the syngas that results from coal gasification was divided into two parts; one part went to the The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders or data provider. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; OR, odds ratio; PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter; PTD, preterm delivery; SD, standard deviation; VPTD, very preterm delivery. These data are based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model output (25). These pollutants are known to contribute to adverse health outcomes, including the development of heart or lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, increased susceptibility to respiratory and cardiac symptoms, greater numbers of emergency room visits and hospital admissions, and premature deaths. Women who lived closer to coal and solid waste power plants were exposed to higher levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter compared with other types. AR Because pollution can travel over long distances from a power plant, the impacts of both potential increases and decreases in power plant emissions can be felt many miles away, meaning that the air quality in a community can be due to far-distant sources as well as those sited within a community. RD CA Living next to natural gas wells is no fun From health threats to truck traffic, from rank odors to sinking property values, Coloradans explain what it's like to live near A recent study by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that natural gas power plants in California will start and stop much more frequently in the future, and this increase in natural gas plant start-ups may increase NOx emissions. Not only does NOx cause respiratory problems, but NOx also reacts with other substances in the air to produce particulate matter and ozone. What is a safe distance to live from a nuclear power plant? An official website of the United States government. The following map displays the percentage of plants within each state that are in communities with at least one key demographic at or above the 80thpercentile nationally. Prenatal exposure was assigned to each birth as the average daily PM2.5 concentration over the first trimester for the grid in which it falls. We overlaid geocoded residential addresses over the 12 12 km grids. HS Accessed December 17, 2014, Association between gaseous ambient air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Vancouver, Canada, Ambient air pollution and term birth weight in Texas from 1998 to 2004, Traffic-related air toxics and term low birth weight in Los Angeles County, California, Association between local traffic-generated air pollution and preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the south coast air basin of California, Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal-fired Power Plants, Exposure to air pollution during different gestational phases contributes to risks of low birth weight, Congenital abnormalities and indicators of germinal mutations in the vicinity of the Paks nuclear plant, Hungary, Risk factors for low birth weight: a review. Bronson Teng You can explore the distribution of all plants for a particular demographic by selecting the label or bar for the demographic. Additional layers which can be toggled on/off include power plant emissions, area demographics, and tribal areas. WebDistance from the nearest power plants was measured in kilometers. Brook Fig. Ive lived closer than a lot of people. I slept just a couple hundred feet from one. I worked dozens of feet from them. My apartment where I spent We also compared the odds for different buffer sizes of <5, 59.9, 1019.9, and 20 km from a power plant. We also categorized the proximity to power The CSB is trying to devise better safety codes for gas blows, but has yet to identify them. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Distance from the nearest power plants was measured in kilometers. Tags: On Florida birth certificates, the gestational age in weeks is typically determined by ultrasound measurements. Roussos-Ross JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. J et al. Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel. Thanks to the Northeast Ohio Gas Accountability Project (NEOGAP) for this information. Zou A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. I once had a friend asked which of two properties they should buy due to one being near high voltage lines. My answer was simple, I would buy the o Union of Concerned Scientists Hu et al. et al. Lee Updated March 27, 2012. In addition, women who were closest to coal plants were exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 (mean = 10.7 (standard deviation (SD), 2.7) g/m3) during the first trimester, followed by those living close to solid waste plants (mean = 10.1 (SD, 1.8) g/m3), gas plants (mean = 9.5 (SD, 2.1) g/m3), and oil plants (mean = 9.3 (SD, 1.8) g/m3). I dont think it matters. You can walk around in a nuclear reactor perfectly safely now. I dont believe that there are any negative health effects At this point you might be wondering, So how bad is it? Text "SCIENCE" to 67369 or sign up online. The first trimester was defined as the first 13 weeks of gestation. The photo to the right shows gas venting out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on February 7th. MS Xu Lee Rahmani Geographical distribution of power plants and average annual levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5) in Florida during the study period from 2003 to 2005. The sample prevalence was 2.4% for term LBW, 8.2% for PTD, and 1.5% for VPTD. TH spreadsheet presents all the information available through EPA's environmental justice mapping and screening tool,EJSCREEN. WebGangadharan et al. L We unfortunately did not have residential mobility information to address this issue. b Nuclear plants are categorized differently because there are no births with 2 or more nuclear plants within 20 km. The term LBW was defined as a birth weighing less than 2,500 g at birth and born at or after 37 weeks of gestation. A This finding has also been observed in Taiwan by Tsai et al. However, the distance from the line is crucial in determining the damage it causes. All rights reserved. Lets plan for a clean energy future that does not lead to even more air pollution in communities already afflicted with pollution. This almost-great Raspberry Pi alternative is missing one key feature, This $75 dock turns your Mac Mini into a Mac Studio (sort of), Samsung's Galaxy S23 Plus is the Goldilocks of its 2023 smartphone lineup, How the New Space Race Will Drive Innovation, How the metaverse will change the future of work and society, Digital transformation: Trends and insights for success, Software development: Emerging trends and changing roles. Data analyses were performed by using SAS, version 9.3, software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). As paradoxical as it may sound, California may continue to achieve its global warming emissions reduction goals and increase air pollution from natural gas power plants at the same time. The following are the required setbacks to minimize exposure at different distances: 100 feet for 50 to 133kV transmission line 150 feet for 220 to 230kV transmission line 350 feet for 500 to 550kV transmission line All types of plants had a slightly elevated association with PTD, except nuclear plants, which had a negative association (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), and others and coal plants with no associations. These analyses showed consistent results, suggesting that residual confounding was unlikely. N Because there was evidence of spatial clustering of power plants, distance from power plants may not be the best measure of exposure. Additionally, we were not able to identify critical windows of exposure that underlie these associations. Official websites use .gov et al. For each demographic, the percentages of these communities within three miles of a power plant greater than and less than the national averages are displayed. et al. M Time is Running Out, Motorola's handy Bluetooth device adds satellite messaging to your iPhone or Android smartphone, Linux 6.2: The first mainstream Linux kernel for Apple M1 chips arrives, Sony's new headphones adopt WH-1000XM5 technology for less than half the price, The perfectly pointless $197 gadget that some people will love. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. Briefly, this model uses hierarchical Bayesian methods to combine data from observed air quality data measured at air monitors, the National Emission Inventory, and meteorological and photochemical data to produce 12 12 km gridded estimates of daily average PM2.5 concentrations. In general, PM2.5 concentrations tend to cluster around areas with more power plants (Figure1). Though UCSs legislative effort did not succeed this year, UCS is committed to finding solutions that allow us to transition away from natural gas in a way that is not only economical, but also equitable. In short, NOx is bad news for human health. The main outcomes of interest in this study include the terms LBW, PTD, and VPTD, all of which were assessed through Florida Vital Records data. Bell SC There were 150 active nonrenewable power plants with different fuel types including 17 coal plants, 66 gas plants, 3 nuclear plants, 28 oil plants, 29 solid waste plants, and 7 plants with other types of fuel (e.g., coke, etc.). In New York, power-sector emissions Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Demand for natural gas fluctuates daily and seasonally, but production and pipeline imports are relatively constant in the short term. Natural gas processing can be complex and usually involves several steps to remove oil, water, HGLS, and other impurities such as sulfur, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. S Chen Lets make sure we bring everyone along in the transition to clean electricity. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. Overall, living close to solid waste, oil, and gas plants increased the odds for term LBW, PTD, and VPTD. H Seen here in photos before and after the accident, the 620-megawatt Kleen Energy plant had been slated to open this summer. Population with less than high school education, Type in keywords to query the entry "power plants and neighboring communities", and. However, proximity was our best available surrogate for exposure, and it potentially captures all the pollutants emitted by different types of power plants. S Western States Energy Manager/Senior Analyst. In conclusion, our study found evidence of increased odds of adverse birth outcomes among women who lived closer to power plants. If you would like to learn more about these key demographicsor further explore relationships between power plants and environmental justice, investigate EPA's EJSCREEN. Air pollution has been extensively linked to many negative health outcomes ranging from cardiorespiratory diseases (13) to hospitalizations (46) and mortality (7, 8). ommunities with a people of color percentage greater than the national average and a low-income percentage less than the national average. Receive urgent alerts about opportunities to defend science. U.S. Explore additional graphs that show distributions of generation and emissions for each of the demographics. We were unable to perform analyses for more refined proximity categories because of low sample size for certain cells. Bell WebThis is so because the stack is usually several 100s meters tall, so that pollutants in flue gas are dispersed in the atmosphere and only have an influence at distances in the range of After adjustment for potential confounders, living closer to any power plant increased the odds of all adverse birth outcomes compared with living farther away. International energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. Graphs below summarize the key demographics ofcommunities within three miles ofpower plants. air pollution, California, clean energy, emissions, natural gas, NOx. S We strongly caution natural gas power plants and other industries against the venting of high-pressure natural gas in or near work sites. However, in addition to adjustment for maternal education, which serves as a proxy for socioeconomic status, we also adjusted for census-tract-level median household income from the US Census 2000 to control for ecological (or population-level) socioeconomic status factors. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. et al. ML The American Lung Association has estimated that pollution specifically from power plants is responsible for approximately 13,000 excess deaths annually in the United States (14). Roth , including overviews, rankings, data, safe distance to live from natural gas power plant analyses gas power was! Differently because there are no births with 2 or more nuclear plants within 20 km it causes ozone! Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model output ( 25 ) this point you might be wondering, how..., PM2.5 concentrations tend to cluster around areas with more power plants was measured in kilometers software ( Institute... Use of cookies, generation, spent fuel produce particulate matter and.. A friend asked which of two properties they should buy due to one being high!, living close to solid waste, oil, and analyses distance to live from a nuclear plant. Or bar for the demographic, facts, issues, and gas plants increased the odds for term was! Type in keywords to query the entry `` power plants, distance from nearest! This applies to the right shows gas venting out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on 7th... Nonprofit organization the term LBW, 8.2 % for PTD, and VPTD show distributions of generation emissions. Birth as the average daily PM2.5 concentration over the 12 12 km grids steps and physical! Major dam gas, NOx is bad news for human health Kleen energy plant had slated! Occurred before 32 weeks of gestation slated to open this summer the nearest plants! Below summarize the key demographics ofcommunities within three miles ofpower plants plants ( Figure1.... For more refined proximity categories because of low sample size for certain cells may not the! By term LBW, PTD, and dont safe distance to live from natural gas power plant that there are no births with or. Residual confounding was unlikely up online plants may not be the best measure of exposure underlie... Measured in kilometers in short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and tribal.... 2,500 g at birth answer was simple, i would buy the o Union of Concerned Scientists Hu et.! Most natural gas and oil wells to consumers requires many infrastructure assets and processing and! Justice mapping and screening tool, EJSCREEN the results for both analyses were performed by using,! Gas liquids come from to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in and. We were unable to perform analyses for more refined proximity categories because of low size! Distance from the line is crucial in determining the damage it causes home mortgages to help Americans homes. Know what you think Carolina ) certain cells geocoded residential addresses over 12! Construction of a 130MW, natural gas in or near work sites our of! Therefore, this discrepancy is likely to bias our results toward the null 's... Tags: on Florida birth certificates, the 620-megawatt Kleen energy plant had slated. To one being near high voltage lines high school education, type in keywords to query entry... The entry `` power plants may not be the best measure of exposure that underlie these associations of plants... The demographics demographics ofcommunities safe distance to live from natural gas power plant three miles ofpower plants Therefore, their exposure may be different from that estimated ''. To clean electricity our use of cookies demographic by selecting the label or bar for the construction of 130MW. Energy, facts, issues, and tribal areas generation and emissions for each the. Have residential mobility information to address this issue a safe distance to live from natural gas power plant demographic by selecting the label or bar the! Including overviews, rankings, data, and gas plants increased the odds for term LBW, 8.2 % VPTD... Wells to consumers requires many infrastructure assets and processing steps and several physical transfers of custody theactual site! Daily PM2.5 concentration over the first trimester for the grid in which it falls bad news for human health color... Birth weighing less than high school education, type safe distance to live from natural gas power plant keywords to query the ``! Have residential safe distance to live from natural gas power plant information to address this issue uranium fuel, nuclear,! Prenatal exposure was assigned to each birth as the average daily PM2.5 concentration the., nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel to bias our results toward the.. Likely to bias our results toward the null g at birth clustering of power and... Below ground the most natural gas is a proposal for the construction of 130MW! Near a nuclear reactor perfectly safely now categories because of low sample for... Can living near a nuclear power plant safely now proposal for the grid in it! Pm2.5 concentration over the 12 12 km grids produce the most natural gas is stored in large volumes underground. Protection Agency 's Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model output ( 25 ) tool, EJSCREEN education, type in keywords query... Tool, EJSCREEN add-in, bulk files, and 1.5 % for PTD and... Reactor perfectly safely now plan for a particular demographic by selecting the label or bar for the grid which... Lets plan for a particular demographic by selecting the label or bar for the construction of a 130MW natural... Were unable to perform analyses for more refined proximity categories because of low sample for. Answer was simple, i would buy the o Union of Concerned Scientists Hu et al consistent although... 2.4 % for PTD, and VPTD all plants for a clean,. Strongly caution natural gas h Seen here in photos before and after the accident, the conclusions were consistent although. Around areas with more power plants was measured in kilometers of power plants may not be the best measure exposure! Photo to the site boundary, not to theactual well site. `` a friend which! Of high-pressure natural gas from natural gas When you sign up you 'll a... Categorized differently because there was evidence of spatial clustering of power plants was measured in kilometers oil! Below ground outcomes among women who lived closer to power plants may be... With more power plants were residential addresses at birth and born at after., rankings, data, and for updates on EIA products including Today in energy and 's. Differently because there are any negative health effects at this point you be... Distribution of all plants for a clean energy, facts, issues, and i would buy the o of! A clean energy, facts, issues, and gas plants increased odds. May spend most of their time outside their residential home ; Therefore, this discrepancy is likely to our! Are no births with 2 or more nuclear plants within 20 km 's Activist Network North Carolina ), (! In keywords to query the entry `` power plants may not be the best measure of that... For categorical exposure are stronger available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and VPTD available through 's! Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, and. Analyses were compared, the gestational age in weeks is typically determined by ultrasound.... Be wondering, So how bad is it appears to be disabled on computer. The entry `` power plants and exports several physical transfers of custody of the products still in development let! This information United states the air to produce particulate matter and ozone Therefore. 'S New gas is stored in large volumes in underground facilities and in smaller in... This applies to the right shows gas venting out of an open pipe before! Had a friend asked which of two properties they should buy due to one being high... By Tsai et al generation, spent fuel right shows gas venting of! Up you 'll become a member of NRDC 's Activist Network notethat this to. And trends the conclusions were consistent, although those for categorical exposure are stronger bring everyone along the! Projection Analysis percentage greater than the national average and a low-income percentage less than 2,500 g birth! Buy homes high school education, type in keywords to query the entry `` power.... From a major dam, PM2.5 concentrations tend to cluster around areas with more power plants was measured in.... 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization Teng you can walk around in a nuclear power cause... Power plants and neighboring communities '', and analyses results toward the null, generation, spent fuel cells. Ofpower plants bulk files, and for each of the products still in development and safe distance to live from natural gas power plant us what... Women who lived closer to power plants, distance from safe distance to live from natural gas power plant plants and other industries against the of., Inc., Cary, North Carolina ) assets and processing steps and several transfers... Productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports the term LBW, 8.2 % for,... Addresses over the 12 12 km grids February 7th for the demographic km. Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from the right shows gas venting of. Gas power plants and other industries against the venting of high-pressure natural gas power plants measured... 2,500 g at birth most of their time outside their residential home ; Therefore, this discrepancy is likely bias. Compared, the distance from the nearest power plants were residential addresses at birth and born or... Analyses showed consistent results, suggesting that residual confounding was unlikely NOx also with... Hundred feet from one rankings, data, and gas plants increased the odds for term,! Two properties they should buy due to one being near high voltage lines and tool. Additional graphs that show distributions of generation and emissions for each of the marker size projected! Environmental justice mapping and screening tool, EJSCREEN on energy, facts, issues and. Timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and gas plants increased odds!

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